Friday HBio Period 2+3 UPDATE

HEY STUDENTS!!!!!!!!

IF we have school on Fri 12-19 please still expect to take your ch 6-7 exam........I know you have all spent the last few snow days studying so you will all get GREAT GRADES!!!!!!!!!!!!

Wed HBio Period 2-3 12-17-08

In Class:
FINALLY took your chapter 6-7 exam..........after all this snow!
Collected your flow charts so I can tally the winner!
Checked off your ch. 6-7 journals........each student should have had 11 of them (do 1-10 skip 11 and do 12) for period 2 and 10 of them (1-9, skip 10 and 11 and do 12) for period 3

HW:
We are going to start a new chapter next class.....I know bad timming with X-mas break and all but you can get prepared by reading pages 160-164 of your book....who knows maybe I will have a small pop quiz to make sure you are doing all the readings I assign

Friday 12-12-08 HBio Period 6

In Class:
FINALLY took your chapter 6-7 exam!
Collected your flow charts so I can tally the winner!
Checked off your ch. 6-7 journals........each student should have had 12 of them for period 6

HW:
We are going to start a new chapter next week.....I know bad timming with X-mas break and all but you can get prepared by reading pages 160-164 of your book....who knows maybe I will have a small pop quiz to make sure you are doing all the readings I assign

Have a great weekend!

Chapter 7 Practice Questions....

3a
4a could argue e though
5d
6a
7e
8c
9b
10a
11e
12a

14c
15b
17e
18c
19e

21d
22b
23d
24c
25d

STUDY HARD!!!!!!!!!

More Ch 6 Practice Test Fun Answers!!!!

1.a
2.e
3a
4d
5e
6e
7d
8a
9c
10b
11d
12c
13e
14b
15b
16a
17c
18a
19e
20b
21a
22d
23e
24b
25e
26e
27e
28b
29a
30a
31c
32d
33a
34e

Thursday 12-11-08

In class:
journal
30 minutes of flow chart
Ch 7 study questions ws (and optional ch 6 questions as an additional study guide)

HW:
make your own copy of the flow chart due next class....be sure to color code it and provide a key
bring your Ch 6-7 journals to class
Study for the test
BRING YOUR GRADED CHEAT SHEETS
Ch 6-7 Journals!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Journal 1 Ch 6!!!

1) List some differences between a light microscope and an electron microscope
a. Examples of items each one can view
b. How each works
c. Types of EM
2) Explain how cell fractionation using a centrifuge is important and how it separates the organelles of a cell


Journal 2 CH 6
1) Please explain what two types of cells all living organisms are composed of and what 6 domains these living organisms are classified in
2) What are 3 major differences between plant and animal cell organelle components

Journal 3 Chapter 6
1) Please describe the role of the following organelles:
a. A. nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Central vacuole
d. Golgi Apparatus
2) What is the endomembrane system and what of the following is not associated with it
a. A. nuclear envelope
b. Chloroplast
c. Golgi
d. Plasma membrane
e. ER
f. Vessicle
3) Describe the two types of cells and the 6 different domains that are composed of one of the two types of cells.
Journal 4 Chapter 6+7
1) Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
A) lipids
B) starches
C) proteins
D) steroids
E) glucose

2) Explain the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol

3) Explain the difference between the centrosome, centrioles, microtubules and then elaborate on the structure of a flagella


Journal 5 Chapter 6
1. A cell lacking the ability to make and secrete glycoproteins would most likely be deficient in its
A) nuclear DNA.
B) extracellular matrix.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) B and C only
E) A, B, and C


2) Choose the statement that correctly characterizes bound ribosomes.
A) Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane.
B) Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different.
C) Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and proteins the cell will secrete
D) The most common location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
E) All of the above.


3) Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell?
A) ER → Golgi → nucleus
B) Golgi → ER → lysosome
C) nucleus → ER → Golgi
D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
E) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

4) Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell due to the absence of a cytoskeleton in a prokaryote?
A) Organelles are found only in eukaryotic cells.
B) Cytoplasmic streaming is not observed in prokaryotes.
C) Only eukaryotic cells are capable of movement.
D) Prokaryotic cells have cell walls.
E) Only the eukaryotic cell concentrates its genetic material in a region separate from the rest of the cell.


5) Related families are grouped into the next-highest taxon called a
a) class
b) order
c) phylum
d) genus
e) kingdom

1) Give an overall general explanation on how protein synthesis is different for cellular protein production or secreted protein.

Journal 6 HBio Chapter 6+7
1) What are some ways that a plant or animal cell can exchange material to neighboring cells
2) What are two common characteristics of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
3) How does a transport vesicle exit the cell?

Journal 7 HBio Chapter 6+7

1) What kinds of fats would you expect a cell membrane to be composed of if it was found in a plant cell living in a cold environment? Explain your answer
2) How did scientist “prove” that proteins were span the entire length of the cell membrane….what is this called…..hint a buzz word found on page 124.

Journal 8 HBio Chapter 6+7
1) What is the major difference between channel and carrier proteins…how are the alike?
2) What are the three tonicities a plant cell can have. What direction would you expect waterflow in a cell that is hypertonic?
3) Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport? How come we call it “facilitated” diffusion? How are/aren’t carrier and channel proteins active in this process?

Chapter 7 Journal 9
1) Explain how the presence of cholesterol affects the fluidity and freezing point of the cell membrane
2) Using figure 7.13 explain why a “normal” conditions for an animal cell are “flaccid” conditions for a plant cell…..hint think of the cell wall plant cells have! In addition compare and contrast lysed and turgid. Normal and flaccid. Shriveled and plasmolyzed.
3) Considering only the movement of water AKA osmosis………….what would happen to plant cell that was placed in a hypertonic solution. WHY?

Journal 10 chapter 7
1) Nerve cells establish a voltage across their cells with the help of the sodium-potassium pump. Does this pump use or generate ATP, why?
2) How come the sodium potassium pump is not considered a co-transport molecule if it is transporting two types of solutes and the hydrogen pump is?
3) If a small water serpent that allows water to flow through its cell membrane with the help of aquaporins was to swim from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic environment would you expect the activity of its contractile vacuole to increase or decrease? Why?









Journal 11 Chapter 6+7

1) Which of the following is correct about integral membrane proteins?
A) They lack tertiary structure.
B) They are loosely bound to the surface of the lipid bilayer.
C) They are usually transmembrane proteins (spanning the whole length of the membrane).
D) They are not mobile within the bilayer.
E) They serve only a structural role in membranes.

2) Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?
A) It moves water from high to low concentrations.
B) It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.
C) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
D) It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.
E) It always requires integral proteins in the cell membrane.

Use the diagram of the U-tube in Figure 7.2 to answer the questions that follow.

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.


Figure 7.2

3) Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is
A) hypotonic.
B) plasmolyzed.
C) isotonic.
D) saturated.
E) hypertonic.

4) Ions diffuse across membranes down their
A) chemical gradients.
B) concentration gradients.
C) electrical gradients.
D) electrochemical gradients.
E) A and B are correct.

Journal 12 Ch 6-7
Using page 137-138 of your text, explain the following:
1) What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
2) How do both of these processes differ from just normal diffusion and osmosis? Hint: think of BULK!!!
3) What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
4) Give an example (from your book) of receptor-mediated endocytosis!

Wed 12-10-08 Hbio Period 6

In class:
journal
30 minutes of flow chart
Ch 7 study questions ws (and ch 6 open note test for some studnets)

HW:
make your own copy of the flow chart due next class....be sure to color code it and provide a key
bring your Ch 6-7 journals to class
Study for the test
BRING YOUR GRADED CHEAT SHEETS FOR THE TEST!!!!!!

Ch 6-7 Journals!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Journal 1 Ch 6!!!

1) List some differences between a light microscope and an electron microscope
a. Examples of items each one can view
b. How each works
c. Types of EM
2) Explain how cell fractionation using a centrifuge is important and how it separates the organelles of a cell


Journal 2 CH 6
1) Please explain what two types of cells all living organisms are composed of and what 6 domains these living organisms are classified in
2) What are 3 major differences between plant and animal cell organelle components

Journal 3 Chapter 6
1) Please describe the role of the following organelles:
a. A. nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Central vacuole
d. Golgi Apparatus
2) What is the endomembrane system and what of the following is not associated with it
a. A. nuclear envelope
b. Chloroplast
c. Golgi
d. Plasma membrane
e. ER
f. Vessicle
3) Describe the two types of cells and the 6 different domains that are composed of one of the two types of cells.

Journal 4 Chapter 6+7
1) Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
A) lipids
B) starches
C) proteins
D) steroids
E) glucose

2) Explain the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol

3) Explain the difference between the centrosome, centrioles, microtubules and then elaborate on the structure of a flagella


Journal 5 Chapter 6
1. A cell lacking the ability to make and secrete glycoproteins would most likely be deficient in its
A) nuclear DNA.
B) extracellular matrix.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) B and C only
E) A, B, and C


2) Choose the statement that correctly characterizes bound ribosomes.
A) Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane.
B) Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different.
C) Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and proteins the cell will secrete
D) The most common location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
E) All of the above.


3) Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. Which of the following is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell?
A) ER → Golgi → nucleus
B) Golgi → ER → lysosome
C) nucleus → ER → Golgi
D) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
E) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

4) Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell due to the absence of a cytoskeleton in a prokaryote?
A) Organelles are found only in eukaryotic cells.
B) Cytoplasmic streaming is not observed in prokaryotes.
C) Only eukaryotic cells are capable of movement.
D) Prokaryotic cells have cell walls.
E) Only the eukaryotic cell concentrates its genetic material in a region separate from the rest of the cell.


5) Related families are grouped into the next-highest taxon called a
a) class
b) order
c) phylum
d) genus
e) kingdom

1) Give an overall general explanation on how protein synthesis is different for cellular protein production or secreted protein.


Journal 6 HBio Chapter 6+7
1) What are some ways that a plant or animal cell can exchange material to neighboring cells
2) What are two common characteristics of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
3) How does a transport vesicle exit the cell?

Journal 7 HBio Chapter 6+7

1) What kinds of fats would you expect a cell membrane to be composed of if it was found in a plant cell living in a cold environment? Explain your answer
2) How did scientist “prove” that proteins were span the entire length of the cell membrane….what is this called…..hint a buzz word found on page 124.

Journal 8 HBio Chapter 6+7
1) What is the major difference between channel and carrier proteins…how are the alike?
2) What are the three tonicities a plant cell can have. What direction would you expect waterflow in a cell that is hypertonic?
3) Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport? How come we call it “facilitated” diffusion? How are/aren’t carrier and channel proteins active in this process?

Chapter 7 Journal 9
1) Explain how the presence of cholesterol affects the fluidity and freezing point of the cell membrane
2) Using figure 7.13 explain why a “normal” conditions for an animal cell are “flaccid” conditions for a plant cell…..hint think of the cell wall plant cells have! In addition compare and contrast lysed and turgid. Normal and flaccid. Shriveled and plasmolyzed.
3) Considering only the movement of water AKA osmosis………….what would happen to plant cell that was placed in a hypertonic solution. WHY?

Journal 10 chapter 7
1) Nerve cells establish a voltage across their cells with the help of the sodium-potassium pump. Does this pump use or generate ATP, why?
2) How come the sodium potassium pump is not considered a co-transport molecule if it is transporting two types of solutes and the hydrogen pump is?
3) If a small water serpent that allows water to flow through its cell membrane with the help of aquaporins was to swim from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic environment would you expect the activity of its contractile vacuole to increase or decrease? Why?

Journal 11 Chapter 6+7

1) Which of the following is correct about integral membrane proteins?
A) They lack tertiary structure.
B) They are loosely bound to the surface of the lipid bilayer.
C) They are usually transmembrane proteins (spanning the whole length of the membrane).
D) They are not mobile within the bilayer.
E) They serve only a structural role in membranes.

2) Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?
A) It moves water from high to low concentrations.
B) It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.
C) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
D) It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration.
E) It always requires integral proteins in the cell membrane.

Use the diagram of the U-tube in Figure 7.2 to answer the questions that follow.

The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.


Figure 7.2

3) Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is
A) hypotonic.
B) plasmolyzed.
C) isotonic.
D) saturated.
E) hypertonic.

4) Ions diffuse across membranes down their
A) chemical gradients.
B) concentration gradients.
C) electrical gradients.
D) electrochemical gradients.
E) A and B are correct.


Journal 12 Ch 6-7
Using page 137-138 of your text, explain the following:
1) What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
2) How do both of these processes differ from just normal diffusion and osmosis? Hint: think of BULK!!!
3) What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
4) Give an example (from your book) of receptor-mediated endocytosis!

Tuesday Hbio Period 2+3

In class
Journal
Flow chart day done as a class
anyone who was on search needs to turn in their HW packets

HW:
look over the flow chart so you can add things to the one you made in class today!

Test will be next Monday!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Monday HBio Period 6

In class
Journal
Flow chart day done as a class
anyone who was on search needs to turn in their HW packets

HW:
Look over the flow chart you made in class so you can add more knowledge to it!

Your test has been moved to Friday

WEd 12-3-08 Hbio Period 2+3

changed seats
Journal
talked about sub plans while jenkins is gone next class
Did an osmosis lab, that will be collected the next time I see you on Tuesday 12-9, you are turning one in per group

HW:Finish HW packets they are due next class

Note the osmosis labs will be due on Tuesday of next week when I see you next!

Enjoy the rest of the week as i will not see you until next week!

Tuesday 12-2-08 HBio Period 6

changed seats
Journal
talked about sub plans while jenkins is gone next class
Did an osmosis lab, but because the lab did not work I am not requiring you to turn it in but we are going to discuss it next time I see you!

HW:
Finish HW packets they are due next class


Enjoy the rest of the week as i will not see you until next week!

12-1-08 HBio Period 2+3

Changed seats
Journal
Finished ch 7 notes
lab next class

HW:
WOrk on your HW packets, they are due Friday!!!!!!

Wed 11-26-08 HBio Period 6

Have a GREAT T-DAY!!!!!!!!!

Notes.......we almost finished ch 7 notes

Dates:
HW packets due 12-4
Osmosis labs due 12-4
Flow chart day 12-8
Flow charts due 12-10
Chapter 6+7 Test 12-10

Tuesday 11-25-08

journal
notes for chapter 7

HW:
be working on your HW packets they are tenatively due the week after T day!!!!!!!!

Enjoy the break!

Monday 11-24-08 HBio Period 6

In Class:
Journal
lots or notes today on ch 7...sorry!

HW:
Your HW packets are due12-2...right after T-day break!!!!!
Prep for flow chart activity next class

Friday Nov 21 HBio Period 2+3

Jenkins was out
Sub collected your practice tests for ch 6 and your cell organelle project cheat sheets

During class you outlined chapter 7 pages 130 to end of chapter.....you did not have enough time to finish this in class so it WILL BE COLLECTED when I see you on Tuesday..........sorry i was not in class on Friday I literally had a "run in" with a boulder!!!!!

Wed 11-19 HBio Period 2+3

In Class
Lengthly journal talk-not counting for points!
Ch 6 practice test/time to elaborate on your organelle projects
Let you look at the Ch 8 exams

HW:
Organelle project due on FRIDAY!!!!
Be working on your ch 6-7 HW packet it will be due on 12-3

Thursday Sub plans HBio Period 6 11-20

Sub Plans for Period 6 HBIO Thursday 11-20

Daily Journal
1) What kinds of fats would you expect a cell membrane to be composed of it is was found in a plant cell living in a cold environment? Explain your answer
2) How did scientist “prove” that proteins were span the entire length of the cell membrane….what is this called…..hint a buzz word found on page 124.

In Class:
Students are to outline pages 130-138 and turn them in at the end of the class to be used on the class activity that is happening wed 26th

HW:
Work on HW packets that will be due 12-2

Tuesday 11-18-08 HBio Period 6

In class:
Journals
Finished ch 6 pretest
Collected Cell Organelle project after you finished the ch 6 practice test
Started Ch 7 notes on cell membrane structure and membrane proteins types
Explained sub plans for when I am gone next class at a conference

HW:
READ CH 7!!!!!!!
Work on HW packets!!!!!!!!

Monday 11-17-08 HBio period 2+3

In Class:
Journal
Notes on extracellular matrix, junctions and finished cytoskeleton notes
Finished labs

HW: Finish microscope labs due next class...you can turn one lab in for every two people
READ CH 6 you will have a practice test next class

Friday 11-14-08 HBio Period 6

In class:
Seat change today.....which made you guys do a great job during lecture....thank you so much!
discussion of journals...........
Ch. 6 pretest that will count as a quiz grade...you will get about 40 minutes to finish this next class

HW:
Your cell organelle projects are due next class
Read Ch. 7
Work on the hw packets

Thursday 11-13-08 HBio Period 2+3

IN Class:
Journal
Started notes on Cytoskeleton......
took a quiz on the microscope parts and thier jobs!
Will finish the microscope labs next class

HW:should be working on your cell organelle projects as it will be due 11/21

You should be working on your HW packet if your grade on FaWeb is NOT an A or better....

Have a good weekend

Wed 11-12-08 HBio Period 6

In Class:
Collected your cell labs
Daily Journal
Notes on extracellular matrix, junctions and finished cytoskeleton notes
Cell movie

HW:
READ CH 6 you will have a practice test next class

Reminder......Organelle projects are due 11-18

Monday 11-10 HBio period 2+3

Journals
Explained Lab
Made some edits to the cell project sheet
Did Microscope lab that we will finish next class
Quiz next class on the microscope parts/function of those parts

HW:Work on your projects and the HW packets
Study for the quiz next class

ENJOY THE DAY OFF TUESDAY!!!!!!!!!!!

Friday 11-7-08 HBio Period 6

IN Class:
Journal...gave a HW grade for students and those not working on the journal will recieve a ZERO!!!!

Started notes on Cytoskeleton......microtubules

Finished your microscope labs

DURING REP you took a very confusing quiz......on the microscope parts and thier jobs! Sorry about that guys!

HW:
Finsish the labs.........you can turn in one lab per two people next class

You should be working on your cell organelle projects as the earliest due date for those will be on Friday 11/14

You should be working on your HW packet if your grade on FaWeb is NOT an A or better....Have a good weekend!

Thursday 11-6-08 Hbio Period 2+3

In class:
Journals
Explained about proks vs. Euks
Talked about microscope parts/how to use while you filled in page 16 of your lab
Passed out/explained cell organelle project
Work on projects
lab day next class

HW:
Read ch 6
Work on HW packets
Work on projects

Wed 11-5-08 HBio Period 6

Journals
Explained Lab
Made some edits to the cell project sheet
Did Microscope lab that we will finish next class
Quiz next class on the microscope parts/function of those parts

HW:
Work on your projects and the HW packets
Study for the quiz next class

Tuesday 11-4-08 HBio Period 2+3

In Class Today:
Turned in your enzyme/energy projects
Did our last daily journal for Ch 8
Took your chapter 8 test while Jenkins checked off your journals

HW:Recieved your Ch 6-7 HW packet
You should have ready chapter 6 by next class

Monday 11-3-08 HBio Period 6

In class:
Checked your Ch. 8 Journals
Explained about proks vs. Euks
Talked about microscope parts/how to use while you filled in page 16 of your lab
Passed out/explained cell organelle project
Work on projects
lab day next class

HW:
Read ch 6
Work on HW packets
Work on projects

Cell Organelle Project Reqs

Sex pili
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Primary cell wall
Middle lamella
Secondary cell wall
Capsule
Flagella/um
Fimbriae
Glycocalyx
Inclusion bodies
Mesosome
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Centrosome
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Motor proteins
cilia
Microvilli
Peroxisome
Mitochondrion/a
Mitochondria DNA
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Innter membrane
Cristae
matrix
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Plasmodesmata
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Chloroplast
Plastids
Thylakoids
Granum
stroma
Food vacuole
Contractile vacuoles
Central vacuole
Tonoplast
Vesicles/transport vesicles
Extra Cellular Matrix
Proteoglycan complex
Integrins
Fibronectin collagen

Purple Worksheet Answers

8.5-see image in your book
8.6 see image in your book
8.7 see image in your book....blogspot does not allow me to put images

8.8a ATP

8.8b ATP

8.4
a. adenine
b. ribose
c. 3 phosphate groups
d. hydrolysis releases termnial (third) phosphate
e.nagative charge acts like a condensed spring

8. e
9. e
10. c
6.c
15.e
18.d
19. c
20.b
21. e
22. a

Fill in the blanks
1. metabolism
2. anabolic
3. kinetic
4. allosteric
5. entropy
6. did not have to do
7. competetive inhibit
8. coenzymes
9. feedback inhibition
16. d
17. b

JOURNALS!!!!!!!!!! Chapter 8 Enzymes

I know the images do not transfer onto this blog so for those enteries just write no image availalbe

10-9 journal and 10-16-08

Please use your textbook and compare and contrast the structure of ATP with the structure of DNA. Also please explain what each one is used for.

10-17 and 10-22 Journal

1) Which of the following has more free energy…option “a” or option “b”? Please explain your answer…how did you know this?
a. Glutamic acid + ammonia + ATP
b. Glutamine + ADP + P
2) How is ATP used/recycled to transfer energy from an exergonic process to an endergonic process?
3) Many spontaneous reactions occur very slowly…why don’t they all happen instantly if they are “spontaneous?”
4) Explain this:

10-21 and 10-27
1) How can an activator and an inhibitor have different effects on an allosterically regulated enzyme?
2) Explain the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Which one is worse for a cell and why?

10-23 journal and 10-31
1) Consider this reaction, A+B -à C + D + energy
a. Is this reaction exergonic/endergonic?
b. What are the reactants/products

2) Which of the following describes an allosteric site?
a. The same as the active site
b. Nonprotein in nature
c. Where ATP attaches and gives up its energy
d. Often involved in feedback inhibition
e. All of the above
3) If you want to increase the amount of product per unit of time of an enzyme reaction, do NOT increase…
a. Amount of substrate
b. Amount of enzyme
c. The temperature (somewhat)
d. The pH
e. All of the above

4a) Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?
A) curve 1
B) curve 2
C) curve 3
D) curve 4
E) curve 5

4b) Which curve was most likely generated from analysis of an enzyme from a human stomach where conditions are strongly acid?
A) curve 1
B) curve 2
C) curve 3
D) curve 4
E) curve 5

5) Which of the following is true for all exergonic reactions?
A) The products have more total energy than the reactants.
B) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
C) Some reactants will be converted to products with more free energy.
D) A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed .
E) The reactions are nonspontaneous.

****NOTE ATP HYDROLYSIS RELEASES ABOUT 7Kcal of ENERGY!!!!!!****

Talk about ATP as a allosteric inhibitor to a pathway!!!!

Journal 10-28 and 10-31
1) What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways?
A) feedback regulation
B) bioenergetics
C) energy coupling
D) entropy
E) cooperativity

2) Which of the following is not true of enzymes?
A) Enzyme catalysis is dependent on the pH and temperature of the environment.
B) Enzyme catalysis is dependent on the three-dimensional structure or conformation of the enzyme.
C) Enzymes provide activation energy for the reaction they catalyze rather than using ATP.
D) Enzymes are composed primarily of protein, but they may bind nonprotein cofactors.
E) Enzyme activity can be inhibited if the enzyme's allosteric site is bound with a noncompetitive inhibitor.

3) During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a ΔG of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the ΔG for the new reaction?
A) -40 kcal/mol
B) -20 kcal/mol
C) 0 kcal/mol
D) +20 kcal/mol
E) +40 kcal/mol

4) According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis, which of the following is correct?
A) The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site.
B) Some enzymes change their structure when allosteric activators bind to the enzyme.
C) A competitive inhibitor can outcompete the substrate for the active site.
D) The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site.
E) The active site creates a microenvironment ideal for the reaction.

5) Consider the following: Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid. Which of the following is correct?
A) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate is the substrate.
B) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and malonic acid is the substrate.
C) Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product.
D) Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor.
E) Malonic acid is the product, and fumarate is a competitive inhibitor.

6) Consider the following: Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate and decreasing the amount of malonic acid reduces the competitive inhibitory effect of malonic acid. Which of the following is correct?

A) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate is the substrate.
B) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and malonic acid is the substrate.
C) Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product.
D) Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor.
E) Malonic acid is the product, and fumarate is a competitive inhibitor.

7) Which of the following statements correctly indicate(s) the role of ATP or ADP as an allosteric regulator?
A) ATP is an allosteric inhibitor of catabolic pathways.
B) ADP is an allosteric activator of catabolic pathways.
C) ATP is an allosteric activator of anabolic pathways.
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

8) An increase in the level of cellular ATP is likely to occur under which of the following conditions? NOTE this is not the process of making ATP!!!
A) increased activity of catabolic pathways
B) decreased activity of anabolic pathways
C) allosteric inhibition of anabolic pathways
D) A and B only

NOTE: HEAT IS NOT USABLE BIOLOGICAL ENERGY!!!!!!! IT IS THE BIPRODUCT OF ENERGY BEING RELEASED!!!!
A+B à C+D+ energy…………………what side of the equation has more free/usable energy????

Friday 10-31-08 HBio Period 2+3

In Class:
Lots of journal talk today!
Checked off purple class packet.....gave answers to that packet
Finished practice test....turned in the scantron to go with that
used the rest of class to work on the projects

HW:
Your ch. 8 test is next classs
Your ch. 8 projects are due next class
Please remember to bring your journals to the test to get checked off
STUDY HARD!!!!!!

You are all expected to do well on this test!

10-30-08 Thursday Period 6 HBio

In Class Today:
Turned in your enzyme/energy projects
Did our last daily journal for Ch 8
Took your chapter 8 test while Jenkins checked off your journals


HW:
Recieved your Ch 6-7 HW packet
You should have ready chapter 6 by next class

practice test help

1. Lots of debate about but it should be C
2. B
3. E
4. A
5.A
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. B
13. E
14. A
15. D
16. E
17. D
18. D
19. A
20. E
21. B
22. C
23. D
24. D
25. A
26. B
27. A
28. A
29. A
30. B
31. A
32. B
33. D
34. D
35. A
36. C
37. B
38. E
39. E

WED. 10-29 JOURNAL when jenkins was out!!!! Period 2+3 HBIO

Here is your journal and then the agenda for the class day!

10-29 JOURNAL
2) How can an activator and an inhibitor have different effects on an allosterically regulated enzyme?
3) Explain the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Which one is worse for a cell and why?


Sub Plans Period 2+3 HBio Jenkins
1. Take attendance

2. Tell students to check the blog for their daily journal and due dates

3. Today is a reinforce day, they are to work on the following in the following order:
a. Finish the purple packet, answers will be given next class…they have this
b. Do as much of the practice test as they can, there are some hard questions that they may need my help with next class. I will give them a scantron next class
i. The practice tests are located near the computer at the front of the room….there are two sheets please make sure students grab both
c. Work on their projects that are due in two classes…they have this

4. Please tell students next class I will:
a. I will give them the answers to their purple packets which will be graded for correctness
b. We will have some time to collaborate on the practice tests
c. Give them some time to finish projects

5. Please tell students their test for chapter 8 is Tuesday 11-4

6. THANKS A TON!

Tuesday 10-28 HBio Period 6

Lots of journal talk today!
Checked off purple class packet
gave answers to that packet
Finished practice test....turned in the scantron to go with that
used the rest of class to work on the projects

Your ch. 8 test is next classs
Your ch. 8 projects are due next class
Please remember to bring your journals to the test to get checked off
STUDY HARD!!!!!! You are all expected to do well on this test!

Mon 10-27 HBio Period 2+3

Collected enzyme Labs

In Class today:
Journal
Finished Ch 8 notes
Worked on the Ch 8 class packet to reinforce the notes...this will be due at the end of next classs
Passed out and explained the chapter 8 "mini" projects
Explained the sub plans for next class as Jenkins will be on a field trip with her anatomy classes
passed back the ch 4-5 exams

HW:Work on your projects but nothing will be collected next class!

Thursday 10-23-08 HBio Period 6

Collected enzyme labs

Reinforce day!!!!!!
Journal...LOTS of discussion today! LIKED IT LOTS!!!!!!
Practice test
Work with a partner to do the practice....record your answers on one scantron

HW: work on your projects that will be due in two classes on thursday which is also the day of your test!!!!

10-21-08 HBio Period 6

Collected Projects

In class:
Did our daily journal before we started the enzyme lab
Worked on the class packet during any down time during the lab
You will get the Ch 4-5 tests back next class

HW: Finish Labs that are due next class

10-20-08 HBio Period 2+3 JENKINS WAS OUT

I will collect your projects next class

In class you outlined chapter 8 pages 150-157 that was turned in at the end of class.

10-22-08 HBio Period 2+3

PROJECTS were collected today!!!!!!!!

In Class Today:
Journal
Enzyme lab

HW:Finish the enzyme lab

10-17-08 HBio Period 6

PROJECTS are due next class (Tuesday) NO EXCEPTIONS!!!!!!!!!!!

In Class today:
Finished Ch 8 notes
Worked on the Ch 8 class packet to reinforce the notes...this will be due at the end of next classs

HW:
Read and HL the first two pages of the enzyme lab we are doing next class......
Have a GREAT weekend!!!!!

10-16-08 HBio Period 2+3

In Class:
Collected macromolecules projects -CHANGED THIS....due next class
took notes on enzymes from pages 150-157 of chapter 8
Passed out your class/HW packet that you had ~20 minutes to work on

HW: Read pages 150-157 of chapter 8 if you have not done so yet!!!!!

10-14-08 HBio Period 6

Checked off journals
Took ch 4-5 test

HW:
Read pages 150-157 of chapter 8 to prepare for next class

REMINDER: Projects are due TUESDAY!!!!! I changed the date

10-13-08 Period 2+3 Hbio

Checked off journals
Took ch 4-5 test

HW:
Read pages 150-157 of chapter 8 to prepare for next class

REMINDER: Projects are due next class

10-9-08 HBio Period 6

Took notes on enzymes
passed out your class/HW packet

Reminders:
Test is next class, bring your journals
Projects are due on Friday stapled in order

Answers to journal WS that is OPTIONAL!!!!!

here are the answers to the rest of that white packet if you want to test your knowledge a little more before the test.......

Mutliple choice that starts on page 32...
1.e
2.c
3.a
4.e
5.c
6.b
7.c
8.a
9.d
10.c
11.c
12.d
13.b
14.c
15.d
16.a
17.c
18.b
19.c
20.b
21.d
22.a
23.d
24.e

Fill in blanks:
1.f. singer
2. guanine
3. purines
4. nucleotide
5. primary structure
6. quaternary
7. glucogen
8. phospholipids
9. cellulose
10. chaperonins

GOOD JOB IF YOU DID THIS!!!!!!

Daily Journals for Chapter 4-5 HBio Period 2,3,6

9-17 and 9-18 Journal
1) Define Organic chemistry
2) How is the modern view of organic chemistry different from older views?

9-19 and 9-22 Journal
The following questions refer to the functional groups shown in Figure 4.6.


Figure 4.6

1) Which is a hydroxyl functional group?

2) Which is an amino functional group?

3) Which is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?

4) Which is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?

5) A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
A) carboxyl
B) sulfhydryl
C) hydroxyl
D) amino
E) phosphate

6) Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?
A) amino
B) carbonyl
C) carboxyl
D) sulfhydryl
E) aldehyde

7) Research suggests that side effects from Ritalin, the drug used to treat attention deficit disorder, may be caused by contamination of enantiomers, or molecules that
A) have identical three-dimensional shapes.
B) are mirror images of one another.
C) lack an asymmetric carbon.
D) differ in the location of their double bonds.
E) differ in their electrical charge.


JOURNAL for 9-23 and 9-24

1. Which set are both structural carbohydrate molecules?
A. starch and glycogen
B. starch and cellulose
C. glycogen and cellulose
D. cellulose and chitin
E. glycogen and chitin

2. Which carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of plants?
A. starch
B. chitin
C. cellulose
D. glycogen
E. glycerol

3. Observe the structures of glucose and fructose in Figure 5.3 of your book. These two molecules are
A) geometric isotopes.
B) enantiomers.
C) geometric isomers.
D) structural isomers.
E) nonisotopic isomers.

4) What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon have a tendency to form?
A) ionic
B) hydrogen
C) covalent
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C

5) Consider a polysaccharide that has 576 glucose molecules. The total hydrolysis of the polysaccharide would result in the production of (remember what hydrolysis is…don’t get tricked on this question)
A) 575 glucose molecules.
B) 575 water molecules.
C) 576 glucose molecules.
D) A and B only
E) B and C only

9-25 and 9-26 Journals
1. Which of the following lipids forms a bilayer between two watery regions, such as in the plasma membrane of a cell like we discussed?
A. steroids
B. neutral fats
C. waxes
D. phospholipids
2. Cholesterol belongs to which of the following groups?
A. steroids
B. l fats
C. waxes
D. phospholipids
3. Which lipid contains a different backbone/subunit/monomer than the rest?
A. steroids
B. fats
C. waxes
D. phospholipids

9-29 and 9-30 Journal
Figure 5.5

1) The chemical reaction illustrated in Figure 5.5 results in the formation of a (an)
A) ionic bond.
B) peptide bond.
C) glycosidic linkage.
D) ester linkage.
E) phosphodiester linkage.


Figure 5.6

2) At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the peptide, back to its component amino acid?

3) Which bond is closest to the N-terminus of the molecule?

4) Which bond is closest to the C-terminus of the molecule?

5) What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
A) peptide bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) disulfide bonds
D) ionic bonds
E) phosphodiester bonds
6) The tertiary structure of a protein is the
A) bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds.
B) order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain.
C) unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.
D) organization of a polypeptide chain into an α helix or β pleated sheet.
E) overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.

10-1 and 10-2 Journal
1. A hydrophilic group is
a. attracted to water
b. a polar and/or ionized group
c. found at the end of fatty acids
d. the opposite of a hydrophobic group
e. all of these are correct

2. Which of these is an example of a hydrolysis reaction
a. amino acid + amino acid à dipeptide + water
b. dipeptide + water à amino acid + amino acid
c. denaturation of a polypeptide
d. both A and B are correct
e. both B and C are correct

Decide if the following descriptions belong to DNA, RNA, both or neither. Choose:
“A” for DNA
“B” for RNA
“C” for both and
“D” for neither…. Read each statement CAREFULLY!

3. Contains the sugar Ribose
4. Single stranded
5. Has guanine hydrogen bond with cytosine
6. Contains a backbone of phosphate and a two hexose sugars
7. Contains the sugar Deoxyribose
8. Stores the genetic code
9. Double Helix
10. Has thymine hydrogen bond with adenine
11. Carries genetic code to ribosomes
12. Contains the following nitrogen containing bases: thymine, uracil, adenine, and guanine

10-3 and 10-6 Journal
1) Figure 5.7 above best illustrates the
A) secondary structure of a polypeptide.
B) tertiary structure of a polypeptide.
C) quaternary structure of a protein.
D) double helix structure of DNA.
E) primary structure of a polysaccharide.

2. Fish sperm consists mostly of the male fish’s DNA. If we tested a sample, we should find relatively high amounts of which type of molecules?
A. nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups.
B. phospholipids and steroids.
C. amino acids and unsaturated fats.
D. triglycerides and ATP.
E. globular proteins and stored fats.

3. Which statement is true about RNA?
A. It contains adenine paired to thymine.
B. One of the bases from DNA is replaced by uracil.
C. It contains the sugar deoxyribose.
D. Its nucleotides contain twice as many phosphate groups as DNA’s nucleotides.
E. It is a double‑stranded molecule.

4. The diversity of organic molecules is due to all of the following EXCEPT
A. carbon needs four electrons to complete its outer shell.
B. carbon can form single and double bonds with itself and other elements.
C. organic molecules always contain covalent bonds.
D. carbon can bond with as many as four other elements.

10-7-08 and 10-8-08 Daily Journal....I will BE CHECKING this one!!!!!

Do questions 1-8 on the front of the WS packet and then 1-10 on the second page of the packet…you will be given 10 minutes and asked to WORK ALONE

10-8-08 Hbio Period 2+3

Collected Macromolecules Lab today

In Class:
Today we worked on our macromolecule projects

HW:
Work on your projects for HW they are due Thursday 10-16
Study for the test you are having next class (Monday 10-13), there is an optional WS to complete if you want to check your answers on the blog

10-7-08 HBIo Period 6

Collected Macromolecules Lab today

In Class:
Today we worked on our macromolecule projects

HW:
Finish your projects for HW they are due FRIDAY 10-17
Study for the test you are having Tuesday 10-14. Note: there is an optional WS to complete if you want more practice studying
Remember to bring completed journals to the test to be checked off while you take the test

10-6-08 HBio Period 2+3

CH 4-5 HW Packets Collected

In Class:
Talked about AP exam extra credit
Gave answers to the HW packets
Explained lab graph...worked on lab graph and lab questions
Did a class packet to reinforce all the material for chapter 5
Worked on projects

HW:
Finish Labs, due next class one per PERSON
Bring projects to work on for next class. Anyone who comes unprepared will recieve a zero for class EP that day
Note the date changes of your ch 4-5 test
Lets have a GREAT SHORT WEEK!

10-3-08 Period 6 HBio

CH 4-5 HW Packets Collected

In Class:
Talked about AP exam extra credit
Gave answers to the HW packets
Explained lab graph...worked on lab graph and lab questions
Did a class packet to reinforce all the material for chapter 5
Worked on projects

HW:
Finish Labs, due next class one per PERSON
Labs due next class
Bring projects to work on for next class. Anyone who comes unprepared will recieve a zero for class EP that day
Note the date changes of your ch 4-5 test
Have a great weekend!

New Dates HBio Period 2+3

Here are the new due dates for HBIO

Ch 4-5 HW Due: 10/6/08
Labs Due: 10/8/08
Projects Due: 10/13/08
Ch 4-5 Test: 10/13/08

NEW DATES FOR HBio P. 6

Here are the new due dates for HBIO

Ch 4-5 HW Due: 10/3/08
Labs Due: 10/7/08
Projects Due: 10/9/08
Ch 4-5 Test: 10/9/08

10-02-08 HBio Period 2+3

HAPPY OCTOBER!!!!!

In Class:
Did a macromolecules lab. This lab will be due on the day of your test. Absent People need to get the data from me and are still responsible for the questions and graph that everyone else is turing in.

Worked on Projects during down time

HW:
Your HW packets are due next class

10-1-08 HBio Period 6

HAPPY OCTOBER!!!!!

In Class:
Did a macromolecules lab. This lab will be due on the day of your test. Absent People need to get the data from me and are still responsible for the questions and graph that everyone else is turing in.
Worked on Projects during down time

HW:
Your HW packets are due next class

9-30-08 HBio Period 2+3

In Class:
Quiz on lab reading and proteins
Did nucleic Acid Notes
Did a short nucelic acid worksheet
Started Nucelic acid Project

HW:
Work on HW packets
Come ready to do a lab next class
Reminder your HW packets will be due Monday and your test is Wednesday

9-29-08 HBio Period 6

In Class:
Quiz on lab reading and proteins
Did nucleic Acid Notes
Did a short nucelic acid worksheet
Started Nucelic acid Project

HW:
Work on HW packets
Come ready to do a lab next class
Reminder your HW packets will be due Friday and your test is Tuesday

HBio Period 2+3

In Class:
Took a lipid quiz
Took notes on proteins and watched some animations
Handed out protein projects and started them in class

HW:
Read chapter section on necleic acids
Read macromolecules lab using study sheet and paying attention to bolded words
Work on HW packets
Study for quiz you are having next class on: lab reading and proteins
Enjoy your weekend!

9-25-08 HBio Period 6

In Class:
Took a lipid quiz
Took notes on proteins and watched some animations
Handed out protein projects and started them in class

HW:
Read chapter section on necleic acids
Read macromolecules lab using study sheet and paying attention to bolded words
Work on HW packets
Study for quiz you are having next class on: lab reading and proteins

9-24-08 Hbio Period 2+3

In Class:
Lipids notes
Passed back Ch 2-3 exams to look at
Started lipids projects/readings

HW:
Read pages 77-85 to prepare for next classes lecture
Prepare for a lipid quiz next class........SHORT
Work on your HW packets

9-23-08 HBio Period 6

In Class:
Lipids notes
Passed back Ch 2-3 exams to look at
Started lipids projects/readings

HW:
Read pages 77-85 to prepare for next classes lecture
Prepare for a lipid quiz next class........SHORT
Work on your HW packets

HBio Period 2+3 9-22-08

Nothing Collected Today

In Class:
POP quiz on sugar reading
Sugar notes
Started sugar project

HW:
Work on your HW packets
Read pages 74-77 in your textbook!

9-19 HBio Period 6

Nothing Collected Today

In Class:
POP quiz on sugar reading
Sugar notes
Started sugar project

HW:
Work on your HW packets
Read pages 74-77 in your textbook!

9-18-08 HBio Period 2-3

In Class:
Notes on isomers along with an isomer WS
Completed the isomer WS in class and went over it as a class
Notes on functional groups along with a handout that you can use on the test
Notes on hydrolysis reactions

HW:
Work on HW packet
Read pages 69-74 in book....expect a POP quizTentative Dates for Chapter 4-5

See Tentaive Dates Posting for all the due dates of items in chapter 4-5!

tentative dates chapter 4-5 Period 2-3 HBio

Tentative Dates for Chapter 4-5 (note these are subject to change):

10/2 Macrmolecules lab day
10/6 HW packets due
10/8 Chapter 4-5 test

Period 6 important Dates Chapter 4-5

Tentative Dates for Chapter 4-5 (note these are subject to change):

10/1 Macrmolecules lab day
10/3 HW packets due
10/7 Chapter 4-5 test

9-17 Period 6 HBIO

In Class:

1. Notes on isomers along with an isomer WS
2. Completed the isomer WS in class and went over it as a class
3. Notes on functional groups along with a handout that you can use on the test
4. Notes on hydrolysis reactions

HW:

1. Work on HW packet
2. Read pages 69-74 in book....expect a POP quiz

Tentative Dates for Chapter 4-5 (note these are subject to change):

1. 10/1 Macrmolecules lab day
2. 10/3 HW packets due
3. 10/7 Chapter 4-5 test

9-16-08 HBio Period 2+3

Collected:
Outlines of pages 47-51

In Class:
Took your Chapter 2+3 Test
Checked off journals
Just a reminder, if you were absent the day of the test it will be expected that you take the test DURING CLASS TIME when we meet again.

HW:
Start reading Chapter 4....
Start working on the Ch 4+5 HW packet.....once the test grades are posted you will have your current grade in the class. If it is an "A" or "A+" you do not have to do the Ch 4+5 HW packet. Grades will be posted BY Thursday!!!!!!

9-15-08 Period 6 Hbio

Collected:

1. Outlines of pages 47-51

In Class:

1. Took your Chapter 2+3 Test.
2. Just a reminder, if you were absent the day of the test it will be expected that you take the test DURING CLASS TIME when we meet again.
3. Checked off your journals. if you were absent please turn these into me the next time you are in class.

HW:

1. Start reading Chapter 4....
2. Start working on the Ch 4+5 HW packet.....once the test grades are posted you will have your current grade in the class. If it is an "A" or "A+" you do not have to do the Ch 4+5 HW packet. Grades will be posted BY WED!!!!!!

Pre-Test Answers

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question and record your answer on a Scantron Sheet. GOOD LUCK!

1) Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?

A) carbon, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen

B) carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen

C) oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium

D) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

E) carbon, oxygen, sulfur, calcium

2) Which of the following is a trace element that is required by humans and other vertebrate animals?

A) nitrogen

B) calcium

C) iodine

D) carbon

E) oxygen

3) Which of the following statements is false?

A) Atoms of the various elements differ in their number of subatomic particles.

B) All atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei.

C) The neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom are almost identical in mass, each has a mass of about 1 dalton.

D) An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

E) Protons and electrons are electrically charged particles, each has one unit of negative charge.

4) Each element is unique and different from other elements because of its

A) atomic mass.

B) atomic weight.

C) atomic number.

D) mass weight.

E) mass number.

5) The mass number of an element can be easily approximated by adding together the number of _________ in an atom of that element.

A) protons and neutrons

B) energy levels

C) protons and electrons

D) neutrons and electrons

E) isotopes

6) What is the approximate atomic mass of an atom with 16 neutrons, 15 protons and 15 electrons?

A) 15 daltons

B) 16 daltons

C) 30 daltons

D) 31 daltons

E) 46 daltons

7) The nucleus of a nitrogen atom contains 7 neutrons and 7 protons. Which of the following is a correct statement concerning nitrogen?

a.The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 7 daltons and an atomic mass of 14.

b. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of approximately 14 daltons and an atomic mass of 7.

c. The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of 7 grams.

d.The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 7 grams and an atomic number of 14.

e.The nitrogen atom has a mass number of 14 and an atomic mass of approximately 14 daltons.

8) Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. Thus, the atomic mass of an oxygen atom is

a. exactly 8 grams.

b. exactly 8 daltons.

c. approximately 16 grams.

d. approximately 16 daltons.

e. 24 amu (atomic mass units).

9) Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic mass of 40. Therefore, a calcium atom must have

A) 20 protons.

B) 20 electrons.

C) 40 neutrons.

D) A and B are correct.

E) A. B and C are correct.

10) Different atomic forms of an element containing the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are referred to as?

a. ions

b. isotopes

c. neutronic atoms

d. isomers

e. radioactive atoms

11) How do isotopes of the same element differ from each other?

A) number of protons

B) number of electrons

C) number of neutrons

D) valence electron distribution

E) amount of radioactivity

12) One difference between carbon-12 and carbon-14 (C) is that carbon-14 has

A) 2 more protons than carbon-12.

B) 2 more electrons than carbon-12.

C) 2 more neutrons than carbon-12.

D) A and C are correct.

E) B and C are correct.

13) Two isotopes of the same element will have different numbers of

a. protons

b. neutrons

c. electrons

d. protons and neutrons

e. neutrons and electrons

14) Electrons exist only at fixed levels of potential energy. However, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a possible result is that

A) an electron may move to an electron shell farther out from the nucleus.

B) an electron may move to an electron shell closer to the nucleus.

C) the atom may become a radioactive isotope.

D) the atom would become a positively charged ion or cation.

E) the atom would become a negatively charged ion or anion.

15) The atomic number of neon is 10. Therefore, an atom of neon

A) has 8 electrons in its outer electron shell.

B) is inert.

C) has an atomic mass of 10 daltons.

D) only A and B are correct.

E) A, B, and C are correct.

Figure 2.1

16) Refer to figure 2.1. Which drawing depicts the electron configuration of an atom of neon (Ne) ?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E ) E

17) Refer to figure 2.1. Which drawing depicts the electron configuration of oxygen (O) ?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

18) Refer to figure 2.1. Which drawing is of an atom with the atomic number of 6?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

19) Refer to figure 2.1. Which drawing depicts an atom that is inert or chemically unreactive?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

20) The reactive properties or chemical behavior of an atom depend on the number of

A) valence shells in the atom.

B) orbitals found in the atom.

C) electrons in each orbital of the atom.

D) electrons in the outer valence shell in the atom.

E) hybridized orbitals in the atom.

.

Figure 2.2

21) Refer to Figure 2.2. How many electrons does nitrogen have in its valence shell?

a. 2

b. 5

c. 7

d. 8

e. 14

22) What is the maximum number of electrons in the 1s orbital of an atom?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 8

23) What is the maximum number of electrons in a 2p orbital of an atom?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

24) A covalent chemical bond is one in which

A) electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged.

B) protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms.

C) outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms.

D) outer-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the inner electron shells of another atom.

E) inner-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the outer electron shell of another atom.

25) What do atoms form when they share electron pairs?

a. elements

b. ions

c.aggregates

d. isotopes

e. molecules

26) What is the maximum number of covalent bonds an element with atomic number 16 can make with hydrogen, an atomic number of 1?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

27) A molecule of carbon dioxide (CO₂) is formed when one atom of carbon (atomic number 6) is covalently bonded with two atoms of oxygen (atomic number 8). What is the total number of electrons that must be shared between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms in order to complete the outer electron shell of all three atoms?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

28) When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

A) equal numbers of isotopes.

B) ions.

C) polar covalent bonds.

D) nonpolar covalent bonds.

E) ionic bonds.

29) What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.

A) a nonpolar covalent bond

B) a polar covalent bond

C) an ionic bond

D) a hydrogen bond

E) a hydrophobic interaction

30) A covalent bond is likely to be polar when

A) one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom.

B) the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative.

C) the two atoms sharing electrons are of the same element.

D) it is between two atoms that are both very strong electron acceptors.

E) the two atoms sharing electrons are different elements.

31) What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

A) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

B) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms, ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

C) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between atoms

D) Covalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between atoms, ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms.

E) Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms, ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between atoms.

32) What results from a transfer of electron(s) between atoms?

A) a nonpolar covalent bond

B) a polar covalent bond

C) an ionic bond

D) a hydrogen bond

E) a hydrophobic interaction

33) What is a van der Walls interaction?

a. The weak attraction between the electrons of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule.

b. The weak attraction between the nucleus of one molecule and the electrons of a nearby molecule.

c. The weak attraction between a polar molecule and a nearby non-polar molecule.

d. The weak attraction between a polar molecule and a nearby molecule which is also polar.

e.The weak attraction between a nonpolar molecule and a nearby molecule which is also nonpolar.

34 In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by

A) hydrogen bonds.

B) nonpolar covalent bonds.

C) polar covalent bonds.

D) ionic bonds.

E) van der Waals interactions.

35 Which of the following is true when an ice cube cools a drink?

A) Molecule collisions in the drink increase.

B) Kinetic energy in the drink decreases.

C) A calorie of heat energy is transferred from the ice to the water of the drink.

D) The specific heat of the water in the drink decreases.

E) Evaporation of the water in the drink increases.

36) Which bonds must be broken for water to vaporize?

A) ionic bonds

B) nonpolar covalent bonds

C) polar covalent bonds

D) hydrogen bonds

E) covalent bonds

37) Why does ice float in liquid water?

A) The liquid water molecules have more kinetic energy and thus support the ice.

B) The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking.

C) Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat.

D) Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

E) The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water.

38) Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydroxide ions [OH^-]?

A) lemon juice at pH 2

B) vinegar at pH 3

C) tomato juice at pH 4

D) urine at pH 6

E) seawater at pH 8

39) What property of water is responsible for water transport in plants?

A) moderation of temperature

B) insulation

C) its versatility as a solvent

D) cohesion

E) its role as a buffer